Introduction

Mycosis fungoides is the most prevalent type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The skin lesions can be very itchy and may include scaly thin red patches, raised thick plaques and skin nodules resembling mushrooms. The diagnosis is based on medical history, physical examination and skin biopsy results.

The malignant T-cell clone expands at the expense of normal T-cells leading to immunodeficiency (1). Those patients are at increased risk of developing a second malignancy (2). As mycosis fungoides progresses to more advanced stages the host is more susceptible to infections (3).

Case presentation

A 56-year-old male consulted many primary care doctors and dermatologists since the rash appearance in 2000. The initial flat erythematous patches involved his thighs, abdomen, feet and back. Those patches were not itchy and he was asymptomatic prior to their appearance. His condition was misdiagnosed as dermatitis and was treated with topical steroids. The rashes were no longer scaly but were non-responsive to this treatment.

In 2002 the patches became very itchy, thicker, raised and brownish in colour. This is a slow progress of mycosis fungoides from the patch stage to the plaque stage. Those plaques coexisted with the new appearing patches. In 2003, non-itchy nodules appeared and involved the abdomen, lower chest, feet and hands. Skin biopsies were taken in 2000, 2004 and 2005 but were non-diagnostic. The disease has been slowly progressing and involving the skin of other parts of the body.

Fig. 1: Hand and foot before Treatment.

The definitive diagnosis of mycosis fungoides was made in 2011 by a dermatologist at the largest public hospital in Jordan and was confirmed by the evaluation of skin biopsy. He was referred to King Hussein Cancer Center which is the largest cancer facility in the country. According to our patient, they recommended total skin irradiation of 36 Gy (gray) over 9 weeks and chemotherapy. He was not convinced that this treatment would benefit him. He travelled in 2012 to Dresden, Germany and his condition was managed at the Department of Dermatology & Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Germany. According to the medical history, he was treated with a combination of Psoralen plus Ultraviolet-A light therapy (PUVA) and had a one year course of Acitretin (Neotigason) which is a retinoid. All skin lesions resolved except of darkness of the skin. He had no more itching. Disease control was achieved. He had a disease-free interval of about 4 years. He has been consulting me on his health since 2012 using various social networks.

There is no family history of similar condition. Arterial Hypertension is known but he is not on any medications. He was a plant operator at the Potash Company.

Mycosis fungoides relapsed October 2019 progressing rapidly. The nodules became painful and increased in number and size. Our patient consulted the specialists at King Hussein Cancer Center. His available medical records showed the following evaluation in January 2020:

• 80% of the skin lesions are hyperpigmented plaques.
• A skin biopsy measuring 0.7×0.4×0.7 cm was taken from a skin lesion on the dorsal aspect of his right hand. Features are consistent with mycosis fungoides. The sections show hyperkeratosis with focal parakeratosis, and spongiosis. There is upper dermal lymphocytic infiltrate composed mainly of positive CD3, CD4, CD5 and CD7 lymphocytes breaking through the overlying acanthotic epidermis. Very few scattered positive CD8 T-lymphocytes and CD 20 positive B-lymphocytes are also seen. Deep dermis show mild fibrosis. The subcutaneous fat is unremarkable.
• 18F-FDG PET/CT scan from vertex to knees: mild to moderate hypermetabolic, bilateral enlarged axillary (right side more prominent measuring 2cm), external iliac and inguinal lymph nodes. The largest one within the right inguinal area has a size of 2.8 cm. Well defined soft tissue lesion within the anterior aspect of the upper pole of the left kidney measuring about 3cm. After the fourth cycle of chemotherapy the follow-up 18F-FDG PET/CT scan on 14.06.2020 showed complete metabolic resolution of the previously seen lymphomatous disease. All previously mentioned enlarged lymph nodes are small in size. The finding involving the left kidney is unchanged raising the possibility of its benign nature.
• CT scan neck, chest, abdomen and pelvis with contrast: findings similar to PET/CT scan. The other visceral organs are normal.
• Echocardiogram/Doppler: normal except of concentric left ventricular hypertrophy.
• Bone marrow is not involved.

Fig. 2: Hand and foot after third cycle of CHOP.

Fig. 3: Hand and foot after sixth cycle of CHOP.

The treatment options for this uncommon disease are restricted in Jordan due to the unavailability of many drugs such as pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. PUVA is unavailable at the cancer center in Amman. I arranged a second treatment course in Dresden. Due to COVID-19 pandemic and the travel ban, it was impossible to travel from Jordan to Germany.

The rapid progress of mycosis fungoides made it necessary to start the treatment in Amman without further delay. The treatment started in March 2020 using the polychemotherapy CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristin and prednisolone) every 3 weeks. He received 6 consecutive cycles of CHOP. Figure 1 shows the hands and feet before treatment. Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the findings following the third and sixth cycle of CHOP.

After the sixth cycle of CHOP, the prominent lymphnodes showed regression. The follow-up PET/CT scan showed complete metabolic resolution of the previously seen moderately hypermetabolic lymphomatous disease. The visceral organs are not affected. A partial clinical response was achieved. The laboratory blood evaluation on 13.07.2020 prior to the sixth cycle showed an elevated creatinine of 1.19 mg/dL (0.5 – 1.2). Bone profile, FBC, uric acid, liver and the remaining renal function test results are normal. One month after the final sixth cycle of CHOP, he developed recurrence of the cutaneous disease that has been rapidly progressing after 2 months as seen in figure 4.

Fig. 4: Hand and foot after 2 months of CHOP.

Discussion

The diagnosis of mycosis fungoides in the early stages is challenging due to a wide range of clinical presentations. Our patient had many years of nonspecific eczematous or psoriasi-form skin lesions and non-diagnostic skin biopsies. As a result of the failure to recognize the disease, it took about 11 years from the onset of symptoms to the definite diagnosis.

The differential diagnosis should include benign conditions such as various types of eczema, psoriasis, superficial fungal infections, drug reactions, lymphomatoid contact dermatitis, lymphatoid drug reaction, actinic reticuloid and other types of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (4).

The choice of therapy is based on the stage of disease whether it is early (stages Ia-IIa) or late (stages IIb-IVb). The stage of his disease was not mentioned in the available medical records but he reached the advanced stage. Mycosis fungoides has been managed using one therapeutic option or a combination of therapies (5). Topical treatments may include steroids, nitrogen mustard, carmustine or retinoids (bexarotene 1% gel). PUVA is an important part of the treatment. In Total Skin Electron Beam Treatment (TSEBT) the ionising radiation is applied to the entire skin surface. Treatment is highly effective but has a short disease-free time. Systemic drug therapy includes interferon-alpha, retinoids, chemotherapy using single-agent and combination regimens, such as CHOP administered to our patient, and others. Other chemotherapies may include pegylated liposomal doxorubicin or gemcitabine. The extracorporeal photopheresis has been used for the palliative treatment (5, 6).

Patients with advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treated with CHOP regimen achieved an objective total response rate of 40%, median response duration of 5.7 months and median survival of 19 months (7).

To assess the effects of various topical and systemic interventions for mycosis fungoides the Cochrane review included 20 randomized controlled trials involving 1369 patients. The comparative safety and efficacy of these interventions could not be established because of substantial heterogeneity in design, small sample sizes and low methodological quality (8).

The choice of treatment requires expertise from the clinicians and is challenging in advanced disease. This is due to some factors such as non-response to a drug or a combination of therapies, unsatisfactory complete response and relapse rates. The major aim is to control the disease with the mildest treatment possible, in contrast to extracutaneous T-cell lxymphomas.